China’s Role in the World Economy Free Essays

Over the previous decades, the seriousness of the United States economy has been exceptional in view of its ability for development, advanced education framework, advertise size as far as work and item showcases, and adaptable capital markets. These focal points have permitted U. S. We will compose a custom exposition test on China’s Role in the World Economy or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now businesses to play an influential position in the worldwide economy, giving items and administrations requested around the world. Be that as it may, the U. S. financial powerhouse faces extended worldwide rivalry. Monetary progression all through the world, aptitudes redesigns in creating nations and huge innovative advances imply that the United States faces extended rivalry for occupations and speculation. The United States’ generally speaking serious situation on the planet economy is undermined by uprising creating nations, for example, BRICâ€Brazil, Russia, India, and China. This paper will concentrate especially on China’s job on the planet economy. When the U. S. nd other customary monetary forces are debilitating, China’s financial force is fortifying, demonstrating that it will attempt to locate a considerably more emphatic job in molding the eventual fate of the world money related request. China, all things considered, has one-fifth of the world’s populace, or generally double the number of inhabitants in the European Union, the United States, and Japan in addition to a bunch of other high salary countries. China considers the to be downturn as a chance and it has the assets to hold onto the occasion. Albeit Chinese pioneers are battling with contracting exchange and rising joblessness, China’s economy is as yet becoming quicker than those of other significant countries. Chinese banks are progressively steady and the Beijing government is perched on the biggest store of remote saves on the planet. China’s power has been expanding lately as it has flooded to turn into the third greatest economy, after the U. S. furthermore, Japan. Since the late ’70s, nonetheless, China’s economy has multiplied at regular intervals. In that equivalent period, the U. S. conomy has multiplied once. Today, normal Chinese have around multiple times the buying power they had only 25 year back. China’s development was driven by fares and interests in fixed resources, for example, manufacturing plants and streets. China is presently an incredible exchanging country, and as of late has been an eager purchaser of mechanical items, for example, copper, iron metal, and steel to fuel its quick industrialization. Moreover, another primary driver of Chinese development was the Beijing Summer Olympics whom individuals looked to as a vital turning point of China’s rise. China’s run of financial success has been extraordinary news for many Chinese who have seen their expectations for everyday comforts improve, just as for worldwide exchange and the more extensive world economy. Notwithstanding, with all the remote speculation China is getting, the nation will just develop increasingly more related upon the world economy. The amazing development pace of China’s economy isn't without its deficiencies. Issues, for example, swelling and wasteful state-possessed undertakings plague the ascent of the Chinese economy. Some of China’s financial issues appear to be inner, and associated with supporting the monstrous populace while stripping the legislature of cash losing organizations. Its mix into the global monetary request presents significant troubles for the remainder of the world. These issues incorporate bringing China’s blended market/halfway arranged economy into the GATT, adjusting to rivalry from work concentrated Chinese fares, empowering further market-situated change, and pleasing its interest for global capital. Be that as it may, China’s support in the worldwide economy likewise offers significant open doors for exchange, speculation, and universal collaboration to advance world success and strength. The normal Chinese GDP is still extremely low, implying that it is a nation with a great deal of neediness. Since China has restricted common assets, the gradual increment popular for these assets should come for the most part from imports. Interest for vitality and for certain different assets will accordingly become quickly and China should exhaust a lot of remote trade on their buy, yet China will have the oreign trade required. Furthermore, it is additionally certain that for the created world, we need to respond brilliantly and deliberately to what China is doing, tolerating its desires, yet additionally monitoring our own national personal responsibility, and being clear about the manners in which we can cooperate. China is an assembling based economy and is additionally graduating 350,000 designers every year, six to multiple times more than the U. S. These architects are joining the assembling area where produces currently assume a significant job because of worldwide interest. The utilization of data innovation in associations is inescapable, be it producing. It has contributed to a great extent to the procedure headways in nations much like Eastern Asia. Chinese producers, for instance, will keep on searching out and ideal the execution of the most recent techniques and advances later on. A relative investigation of the venture examples of U. S. makers versus China is very bewildering. †¢ U. S. Assembling plants burned through 3% of deals on capital gear in 2004 while China burned through 20%. †¢ In the U. S. 53% of assembling plants were relied upon to build their capital-gear spending in 2005 contrasted with China at 72%. †¢ IT spending was relied upon to increment at 42% of U. S. Plants in 2005 though in China, 75% of plants were relied upon to build their spending on IT. To put it plainly, China has an assembling base that is, more cost-productive today and putting all the more intensely in the capital gear and IT that will empower it to turn out to be increasingly imaginative tomorrow. The effect of data innovation in worldwide exchange is on the ascent, as a few progressions are centered around to be actualized in different creating nations like China. American business visionaries have jumped on the chance of development in these nations, explicitly in China. China is exceptionally populated and is expanding in working class residents who have empowered the production of buyer showcases in China. While proceeding to develop, business visionaries have jumped at the opportunity to be separated of the business and buyer development. They get familiar with the Chinese culture, language, and government guidelines through their own examination as well as with the assistance of local people. Utilizing the chance of unpenetrated markets and low asset and creation costs, these business people can manufacture fruitful endeavors. With high business development, increasingly Chinese residents can manage the cost of acquisition of imports and fares. Unquestionably, China is ready to turn into the world’s next monetary super force and biggest exchanging substance, as far as internal and outward exchanging streams. On the off chance that China would continue developing at this pace its economy would be greater than the American’s economy by 2030 (Prasad, 2004). Their accomplishment in achieving that status will rely to a great extent upon how they on the whole arrangement with their current and future monetary issues. The economy is indicating positive changes yet at the same time faces extremely enormous challenges. In spite of its issues, China’s economy is gauge to develop by at any rate 5% this year, as a distinct difference to many major worldwide economies that are contracting. In any case, these are hypotheses about what's to come. With respect to the present, China’s rise is as of now a significant test for other creating nations, for Asia, and for the world. That challenge won't lessen at any point in the near future. The most effective method to refer to China’s Role in the World Economy, Essay models

Aldous Huxley wrote Brave New World out of fear of Essay Example For Students

Aldous Huxley worked Brave New World out of dread of Essay societys clear absence of ethics and degenerate conduct during the thundering twenties. Huxley accepted that what's to come was bound to a non-individualistic, conventionalist society, a general public drained of the nuclear family, religion and human feelings. All through the novel, Huxley predicts numerous occasions for the future, a large portion of which focus on an ethically degenerate society. The most significant of these expectations include: more prominent sexual opportunity, over-populace, conditioning/rest instructing, and the utilization of brain adjusting drugs. Aldous Huxleys Brave New World cautions of a potential future oppressed world, based onsocial mentalities and clinical progressions of his time. Huxleys future oppressed world is made generally by distorted sexual opportunities, which thusly cause degenerate people, totally missing ethicsand ethics. Sexual indiscrimination has all the earmarks of being a considerably more successive movement now then it was in the Thirties. Pundits accuse the approach of the pillfor declining profound quality and unpredictable sexual movement. Many accept that each time medication diminishes the danger of undesirable maladies and pregnancies, society, all in all, will expand its sexual movement. Huxleys forecast of wantonness depends on his iron law of sexuality: As political and monetary opportunity reduces, sexual opportunity tends compensatingly to increment. A present case of Huxleys conviction is China. China is the final socialist system, it additionally experiences having one fifth of the universes populace inside its outskirts. Obviously, Chinas huge populace is an immediate consequence of an explicitly dynamic culture. Aldous Huxleys fears of things to come made him expound on sexual opportunity and the subsequent over-populace in Brave New World. Over-populace is another difficult which is tended to by Huxley, and is the immediate aftereffect of sexual opportunity. The dread which Huxley addressesconcerning populace control is: Food supplies can't develop as quick as could reasonably be expected, and populace development in immature nations will endanger the world request. Just expressed the developing populace of earth will expend more than it will have the option to deliver, except if some type of regulatingbirths can be made. This is a conspicuous truth today, as a huge number of individuals are starving every day. The exciting modern lifestyle that Huxley discusses, is an admonition to humankind concerning its demolition of the laws of nature. For instance, marriage is prohibited, just as, pregnancies, and moms are non-existent on the grounds that potential youngsters bring about fetus removal. In Brave New World over-populace is tackled by societys capacity to deliver the same number of or as not many people as are impor tant to keep the populationat balance. The arrangement is unnaturally conceived children or packaged infants as they are alluded to in the book. Successful anti-conception medication of such an enormous populace is hard to accomplish, particularly in a general public where individuals areencouraged to be explicitly dynamic with various accomplices. Today, the world is looking over-populace head on, with blended outcomes. Premature births are not promptly acknowledged by most, and anti-conception medication in underdeveloped nations is basically inconceivable. Huxley understands the issue with mass birth control,and unravels it by making 70% of the female populace sterile, while just 30% of the ladies stay fruitful. By leaving 30% of the ladies prolific, Huxley can show that despite the fact that birthcontrol for an enormous scope is troublesome, it is conceivable to accomplish. Through the strict utilization of contraceptives, pregnancies seldom happen, be that as it may, when a pre gnancy occurs it brings about a prompt fetus removal. Huxleys dread of over-populace and the control of such huge numbers of individuals is an undeniable concern which becomes visible in Brave New World. Indoctrinating is proposed by Aldous Huxley through controlling people, as opposed to the majority. While conditioning and rest teachingare extraordinary (the previous being done while the subject is wakeful, and the last being done while the subject is snoozing), the two strategies utilized by Huxley, follow up on the inner mind to get a similar conclusive outcomes. Before Brave New World, Huxley examined the Russian therapist Ivan Pavlov and his tests on hounds. The Pavlovian pooch was exposed to profoundly upsetting conditions, this was done to show the canine how to respond to specific boosts. The final products of these tests were hounds who had been broken, turned out to be intellectually crazy. Prime human models are the veterans of

Francis Johnson as prolific Artist - Free Essay Example

Artistic work is considered to be of paramount importance in todays society because a lot of people look up to them as role models. Artists also entertain people with their work of music or drama since entertainment make people get relieved over their daily mental stress and hardships. Artistic job also enables people to come closer as a community because the message entailed in their artistic work. Francis Johnson is one of the most influential artists who entered in the industry during the 18th century. This essay is will address the his traits, ways in which his work influenced people, the obstacles that he encountered and also how his artistic work inspirers people in todays artistic work. Francis was an impeccable composer during the 18th century, where he used to write songs relating to the hardships faced by the community in general.at the time, it was pretty hard for African-American composers to come on board because the competition was pretty stiff. His prowess therefore must have been exceptional since his work made him host a racially-integrated concert in the United States of America (Johns, 2006). Francis was the first African-American artist to have his music published on a sheet music and also led the Americans to ensemble concerts abroad hence helping mobilize the American musical genres. His musical prowess also culminated to the establishment of the popu lar promenade concert style to America. The promenade concert involved classical concerts that involved educational and children events. Adults were also authorized to attend as the concerts were made to enlighten people and entertain them with orchestra music. The promenade concerts also ensured that children and other aspiring musicians also got the opportunity to learn by watching experienced artists perform on stage. The promenade was also embraced in the United Kingdom (Caldwell et al, 1994). Francis Johnson traits Johnson was a hard-working artist whose efforts were depicted by the numerous records that he made. He made over 300 records whose message and entertaining qualities embraced thousands of his followers. Moreover, he travelled across European nations during active years where he could actually hold concerts and perform his tracks, which were considered fascinating by the huge chunk of his followers. Johnson portrayed admirable leadership qualities over his tenure as an artist. Fellow music composers also viewed him as the role model, whom they could consult in matters relating to their profession. He also established the promenade concerts, which acted as profound basis for upcoming artists since they could watch the proven artists perform live. He is actually rumored to have been the leader to the Philadelphian Matt Black band that established a remarkable musical basement in the country (McDermott, 1948). He portrayed courage and fearless traits as he started and carried on wi th his career under turmoil circumstances. Johnson, being an African-American found it pretty hard to establish himself as an artist. The Americans had predominated in the music industry and therefore one had to stand fearlessly with a lot of courage before his efforts got recognized.to prove his worth, he got his music published on the Music sheet, which was great achievement. Johnson therefore figured that music was actually his talent, hence devoted his life on the profession (Johnson, 2012). Johnson was also a proven teacher, who imparted knowledge to both black and white people. Being a versatile and established musician, Johnson gave back to the community as he taught music to the youths, both black and white. People saw him as an established figure whom they believed that his knowledge would actually create a difference as far as the music industry was concerned. He was extremely resilient towards any form of discrimination during his career. Johnson faced racial discri mination from the whites especially during concerts. Due to his resilience, Johnson never gave up but solely focused on winning the crowd.it didnt take long before the crowds realized how talented the black man was hence started loving his work. Ways in which Johnson work influenced people He contributed significantly to shun racial discrimination in the country. Through his musical concerts, Johnson enlightened people to embrace each other as they were all humans. He also taught blacks and whites musical lessons hence embracing all the races. Johnsons efforts to shun racial discrimination can also be depicted through his travel and performance on different countries without considering his color. Johnson laid the foundation for the musical artists not even locally but also internationally. He was the first black American to get his name on board as an exceptional artist, hence acting as a motivational foundation for black artists who had found it hard to break through the white-dominated industry. Through him, the blacks figured that they could also break into the industry and prove the worth. Johnson acted as a role model to small children, whom he taught as a teacher. For example he taught musical skills to the children, who treasured him as their role model. They dreamt of emulating his strategies and composing power. Todays jazz music artists owe Johnson a lot.it is believed that the jazz style of music was initiated by Johnson during his musical career. The genre was formulated by Johnson and his band hence creating the foundation for the future jazz music style, who found a readily established musical foundation (Taylor, 2005). Johnson also influenced people through his performance to the churches, hence motivating Christians through his educative music. For example he performed sacred music at the Philadelphia, New York and Boston black churches hence bring people together across the USA. He also influenced the life of military people as a music director.as an established artist, the military also sought his services in composing military songs. He also directed their performance through rehearsals and encouraging talks. Johnsons work was so outstanding that his music was also used in national functions for example his w ork new cottolions and March was performed for General La Fayette during his visit in the year 1824.this is a clear indication that Johnsons work was a thriller to the general world.it was such an honor to the American people to have an iconic artist whom foreigners people paid much attention to his work (Kang, 2008). Obstacles faced by Francis Johnson Although Francis Johnson had such a remarkable carrier as an artist, his career path also encountered hardships and turmoil. He was subjected to severe ethnic discrimination, which adversely affected his career path. The whites, who had literally dominated the industry viewed Johnson as an outcast.it was pretty hard for him to get on stage and perform as people hurled insults as he performed on stage. His career had also been deterred by the whites as they took much time before printing his music to the music sheet. Discrimination was such a demoralizing vice that some blacks could actually give up their ambitions. Even though Johnson remained resilient to the vice, it hugely affected his attitude and ambition. Its argued that racial discrimination was the greatest challenge that Johnson encountered as he tried to win over peoples confidence (Southern, 1973). He also encountered hardship as far as storing his musical work for future reference. Back in the days the global coun tries had not improved to a greater extent hence proving to be a stabling block to musical storage. The only available option was the manuscript which cannot actually be kept for a long time. His regrets must have been poor technological availabilities. Johnson lacked support from the local administration that would have helped him become a good artist on time. The local administration, especially the Philadelphian administration failed to support upcoming artists and instead let the locals support racism. He also lacked support from his family members.it was unfortunate Johnsons parents couldnt be traced hence making him lonely. Johnson also faced opposition from the white artists, who at the beginning felt that his music was not good enough.at his time of coming up, he met the whites who were absolutely disillusion and stereotypes that blacks were not in a position to make good music. They felt that only whites were in a position to compose good quality music hence no way th at the blacks music would be printed on the music sheet. The artist was also confronted with physical violence from a crowd where he had showed up for performance. The insulting crowd argued that he couldnt even read the music sheet and that he made music through his ears. Luckily, Johnson escaped partially hurt despite the government even ordering for his arrest.it was unfortunate that the people around him, including the local administration could not realize the much effort he had put forth in composing the beautiful music. However, the locals later realized that he was genuinely talented. How Johnsons artistic work inspires people in todays life Johnsons artistry is recommendable even in todays life because he is viewed as the Godfather of jazz music genre therefore he laid down the profound basis under which todays artists compose their music. Therefore todays artists look up to Johnsons footsteps. He is a good model to todays black artists who should embrace his resilience and devotion on their work. People should therefore not be intimidated on the grounds of color, origin or any other physical appearance. Johnsons artistic work is true reflection for the love of mankind. Its therefore import for people to treat others the way theyd love to be treated for the world to be a better place. He actually taught students from different ethnic background hence portraying a good picture to the society. People need to emulate his character and embrace fellow mankind for a better society. In conclusion, Francis Johnson proved his heroic characters because the background was not promising for any back artistic to fight and prove his worth in the artistic profession. He went through turbulent experience such as the racial abuse, physical attacks, and lack of support from the administration and the unsupportive society. However through hard work and resilience, he became an astounding artist whose music united people and restored love and unity amongst the people. He laid a profound legacy that people should emulate for a better world. Reference Jones, C.K., 2006.? Francis Johnson (1792-1844): Chronicle of a Black Musician in Early Nineteenth-century Philadelphia. Associated University Presse. Caldwell, J., Roque, O.R. and Johnson, D.T., 1994.? American Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1: A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born by 1815. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Johnson, D., 2012. Positive Surrender: An Interview with BREYER P-ORRIDGE.? Contemporary Theatre Review,? 22(1), pp.134-145. McDermott, J.F., 1948. Indians and artists.? College Art Journal,? 8(2), pp.101-106 Johnson, D. and Lewis, C.E., 1998. Introduction: [Childrens and Young-Adult Literature].? African American Review,? 32(1), pp.5-7. Taylor, F.J., 2005. Black Music and Musicians in the Nineteenth Century.? Western Journal of Black Studies,? 29(3), p.615. Kang, N., 2008. Charles K. Jones. Francis Johnson (1792-1844): Chronicle of a Black Musician in Early Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia.? African American Review,? 42(3-4), pp.763-765. Sout hern, E., 1973, October. Needs for Research in Black-American Music. In? College Music Symposium? (pp. 43-52). The College Music Society.

The Perceived Benefits of E-Commerce the Internet...

Literature Review 1 The Perceived Benefits of E-Commerce The Internet Adoption Strategies for SMEs Cheng Peng North Carolina State University Professor Mordzak FLE 101 Dec.2, 2011 Literature Review 2 Introduction Due to the popularity and rapid expansion of the Internet and network technology, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become a major activity in contemporary business operations. Today, enormous business activities are conducted online. People go online to sell and buy both goods and services, and many transactions cannot be completed without Internet technology. The Internet’s capacity to access, organize and communicate information in a more efficient way has brought about new formulas for the relationship between†¦show more content†¦He further concluded that organizations can design their Website and e-mail services to incorporate information from databases to individual clients instead of demographic groups. Some studies have focus on the service and support from the SMEs when Internet adoption is carried out. For example, Hsieh (2008) proposed that SMEs must satisfy the shopper’s support needs, such as pre-sales inquirie s, order tracking lookup, and post-sales support. He pointed out that the cyber mall storefront must be designed to allow the customer to make contact via an online form, e-mail address, or phone number, and make responding to customers inquires the highest priority. Instead of relying only on telephone conversations restricted to working hours and subject to telephone tag, businesses can use the Web and e-mail to exchange information and opinions between their customers and the business. He further illustrated that SMEs can also collect data about customer preferences and habits by tracking their action at the Web site, information of which can be used to customize offerings and services. Other studies (e.g. R. Amit, C. 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Operations Service Management - a Study of Medi-Call...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report was commissioned to examine the number of calls to the Medi – Call Personal Alarms Systems LTD call centre and how the management implement certain capacity strategies in order to distribute call times whether it be an emergency, technical or a reassurance call from the customer. This is viewed over a twelve-hour shift and highlights the problems where the call centre is over capacity or under capacity. The case study looks at the problems with the current operations and service management within Medi–Call call centres. Within this report the main problems will be identified, for example – the amount of time that could be saved from each call from the customer (for more the more important emergency†¦show more content†¦By looking at the table and the graph (appendices 3 and 4) we can see during the times the call centre is working at over capacity there are far higher numbers of technical calls and reassurance calls, than when they are under capacity. For an average technical call takes six minutes and for a reassurance call take seven minutes including administration time. For example looking at the typical morning in the Medi-Call call centre there is 763 minutes of call time wasted on reassurance calls alone; not to mention the time wasted on technical calls as well. Due to the severeity of the line of work Medi-Call deals with (peoples lives) it is crucial to find new ways to free up more time for the more important emergency calls; this will be discussed later in the report. They must rearrange how they operate in order to focus solely on the emergency calls and rearrange how the deal with the technical and reassurance calls and also make use of the time when they are under capacity – see appendices 3 and 4. By having the staff of Medi-Call working at well over their capacity can create a number of problems for themselves and the customers. 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Reflection & Personal Skills Analysis Global †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Reflection Personal Skills Analysis Global? Answer: Introduction Global management (GM) can be defined as the process adopted by the company to manage business globally with respect to hiring, sales, marketing, operation and finance. This essay will comprise of primarily three parts, the introduction, which will elaborate the aspects to be dealt in the essay, the body and the conclusion. The main body of the essay will comprise of literature review, evaluation and plan which will deal with examination of the global management capabilities in terms of both hard skills and soft skills required by managers in the global environment to conduct the business (Tsui, 2004). The essay further deals with the aspect of personality which is the trait of the mangers and the management has identified five dimensions to it and they are agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism and openness to experience. It is known as the Big five personality factors. In this essay my big five personality test result conscientiousness will be the one personality factor that will be focus of my global management skill development as manager (Tsui, 2004). In order to gain global capability, it is essential that manager conduct a SWOT analysis of oneself to know the strength and weaknesses to manage the opportunity and threat in the external environment globally. Thus this essay als o conducts a self reflection by undertaking self assessment to know my global leadership capabilities. It also helps to know the area of improvement. An action plan for improving my global capability skill in the future is also explained with the help of SMART tool. Finally the essay will provide with a conclusion that will brief the aspects which will be discussed in the essay. Literature Review Global management capabilities According to Bcker, Poutsma, (2010), Global management capabilities is the skill set required by the global managers to function effectively in the dynamic and complex global environment. The challenges in the global market including both internal and external force the managers operating globally to cultivate a specific set of skills, values, competencies and culture to improve the effectiveness of the management pertaining to global environment. The review of literature related with globalization state the discussion made by researcher about the global skill sets and it is found that the global mindset is one of the key element required for mangers to operate in the global environment effectively. According to Cohen, (2010), global mindset is considered as the significant skill set by more and more companies for successful global managers. Story and Barbuto, (2011) along with others state that there are umpteen model of global mindset found in the literature that have been proposed but it is evident from the review of literature that there is lack of consensus on any. It is found from literature that though there is an agreement in general where global mindset are considered as cognitive structures essentially but their actual dimension and background are subject of argument among researcher. As stated by Weihrich, Koontz (2005), managers operating in the global platform needs to develop further competencies to enhance global capability and these should include three key competency areas namely self awareness , inquisitiveness and engagement in personal transformation. The review of literature also identifies seven mental characteristics namely self regulation, optimism, social judgement skills, motivation to work in a global environment, empathy, acceptance of complexity and its contradiction and cognitive skills. It also state the three behavioural competencies required by global managers and they are knowledge, social skills and networking skills (Weihrich, Koontz, 2005). But again some scholars make an argument that these skills are required by mangers operating in the domestic market as well. Based on the argument it is stated by some researcher that motivation aspect can be considered as skill set relevant to global managers only. It was also stated further in the review of literature that acceptance of complexity and its contradiction plays a dominant role in the global environment compared to domestic environment. The cultural diversity is another area of concern for global managers. The literature review states that both hard skills and soft skills are essential for global mangers to function effectively. It can be different for different companies and industries. For example core engineering industries may demand technical skill of certain levels (Osland, 2008). Technical ability can be related with the use of equipment and machinery and application of software. On the hand the soft skills plays equally significant role and it include interpersonal skills, initiative and being dependable. The Personality Impact The personality of managers plays a significant role in the way one behaves in the workplace. The Big 5 personality factors helps to understand the personality trait of managers and they are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. It is depicted by the OCEAN (McAdams, Pals, 2006). The openness to experience if present in the trait of managers helps him to appreciate art and beauty and reception to novelty and such manager are high on creativity. The conscientiousness if present in mangers makes him to exhibit the trait of perseverance and organization in the work and such managers are hardworking and dependable. The extroversion if present in the trait of managers makes one more sociable and it energize them and such managers are often with other people. The agreeableness if present in mangers makes him trustworthy, compliance and honest and such managers are mild mannered (McAdams, Pals, 2006). The neuroticism if present in the trai t of manager exhibit mood swings and highly emotional and such managers are emotionally unstable. [Source: McAdams, Pals, 2006] Conscientiousness and Global Leadership This is the second element in the OCEAN model related with the Big 5 personality factors and it focus on the concept of perseverance and organization. The manger with Conscientiousness as the personality trait exhibits competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, deliberation and self discipline. In context of the global leadership such managers prove to be effective as they are capable of dealing with hardship and life challenges as their competence level is high (Osland, 2008). The trait order makes them apply methodical approach to the task and it goes well with the global professionalism. The dutifulness and self discipline as a trait make them work with values and limit distraction. The achievement striving nature of the trait makes the work hard to achieve the high global target. If the score on this personality trait is high it makes the manger hardworking and dependable while low score makes him laid back and impulsive. There is group of researcher who make an argume nt that though this trait makes the global manager effective but it does not establish the fact that other traits prove ineffective (Brewster, Sparrow, Harris, 2005). There are other factors that also play an important role in making global manager effective. Self Evaluation The self evaluation was based on the Big 5 personality test. The big five inventory (BFI) identified 44 statement related with the personality trait. It was ranked on scale of 1 to 5 where 5 represent agree strongly while 1 represent disagree strongly. The rating of 2, 3 and 4 represent agree, neither agree or disagree and disagree a little. The BFI scale scoring also had R that denoted reverse scored items. The statement was ranked by me using the scale of 1 to 5 to evaluate my personality trait with respect to the big 5 personality factors namely are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. On evaluating the BFI scale scoring it was found that I scored 35 in openness to experience, 44 in conscientiousness, 27 in extroversion, 32 in agreeableness, and 20 in neuroticism. The details are mentioned in the table below and the detailed questionnaire is attached in the appendix 1. The result derived from my Big 5 personality test was real surprise to me as I scored the highest in conscientiousness with 44 though I was of the opinion that I will score highest on openness to experience. From the evaluation of BFI scoring it was evident that I scored the lowest in neuroticism. A high score on conscientiousness state that I am hard working and dependable and low score on neuroticism make emotionally stable. Similarly the stress management competency test was conducted using the same scale of rating. It has three statements namely integrity, managing emotion and considerate approach. On evaluating the score of stress management competency test it was found that I scored 84.71 % and it state that my ability handle stress in reasonable. The details are mentioned in the table below and the detailed questionnaire is attached in the appendix. Plan Plan is the action taken to achieve a set goal. The plan is made more effective by using the SMART goals framework. The Smart goals stand for specific, measurable, achievable, and realistic and time bound nature of the goal. In the case the action plan is made to improve my global leadership capability. Based on the self evaluation conducted above using the Big 5 personality test and stress management competency test it was found that my personality trait is Conscientiousness (Zhao, Seibert, 2006). It has six elements namely competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, deliberation and self discipline. I feel I need to improve my achievement striving, and self discipline to enhance my global leadership capability. It will help me aim for higher goal in the global environment and manage the stress related with the challenges in the international business. Thus my action includes two goals and they are achieved with the help of SMART goal framework (Zhao, Seibert, 2006). Growth With the objective of improving my global leadership capability I will develop the action plan to further develop my Conscientiousness with respect to achievement striving so that I will able to achieve the high goal set in the global perspective. Specific By the next quarter I will aim to achieve 10% more growth by adding more customers. This will be done by putting in more hard work. Measurable This will be measured by comparing it with the last quarter result Achievable This is attainable in the sense the quarter is broken down into month wise action plan and each month a growth of 3.3% is aimed. Realistic I will train my team members to establish better customer relationship management with the help of CRM tool and it will motivate them to achieve the growth target. Time bound The time for achieving the goal is next quarter and review will be done every month. Self discipline To improve my stress management skill with respect to managing emotion I need to work on improving self discipline related with Conscientiousness. It will help me to be more considerate towards my team members. Specific To improve self discipline. I will read books on Yoga and other self management books like Seven Habits of highly effective people. Measurable I will measure this by undertaking stress management competency test after reading the book and practicing self discipline for next one month. Achievable - It is attainable as I can buy the book, complete reading it and applying self discipline for the next one month before taking the stress management competency test. Realistic It is really possible as reading book to improve ones skill is most easy thing to do. Time bound The time period for completing this activity is one month Conclusion The significance of global leadership capability and personality in global management should not be underrated. It is not enough for the manager to have the domain knowledge and technical skill or the multi culture experience although they help the global manager in being effective. It is essential that the global manager needs to work on the global management and personality aspect to be more successful (Cabrera, Bowen, 2005). As stated in the literature review it suggested that the global manager needs to develop global mindset and improve the hard and soft skill. The soft skill namely interpersonal skill, initiative and being dependable. The motivation and acceptance of complexity and its contradiction also are important capability needed in the global environment. On the other hand the big 5 personality factor is important to understand the personality impact. It identify five personality namely openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neurotic ism that impact the global manager. In my case it is observed from the BFI scoring that my personality trait is Conscientiousness and my stress management score is 84.71%. I need to improve on achievement striving, and self discipline to enhance my global leadership capability and it was done by setting two goals. It will make better global manager (Levy, et al., 2007). References Bowen, D. E., Inkpen, A. C. (2009). Exploring the role of global mindset in leading change in international contexts. The Journal of applied Behavioral science, 45(2), 239-260. Brewster, C., Sparrow, P., Harris, H. (2005). Towards a new model of globalizing HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management Group, 16(6), 949-970. Bcker, J., Poutsma, E. (2010). Global management competencies: a theoretical foundation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(8), 829-844. Cabrera, ., Bowen, D. (2005). Professionalizing global management for the twenty-first century. Journal of Management Development, 24(9), 791-806. Cohen, S. L. (2010). Effective global leadership requires a global mindset. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(1), 3-10. Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S., Boyacigiller, N. A. (2007). What we talk about when we talk about global mindset: Managerial cognition in multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2), 231-258. McAdams, D. P., Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American psychologist, 61(3), 204. Osland, J. S. (2008). Overview of the global leadership literature. Global leadership: Research, practice, and development, 34-63. Story, J. S., Barbuto Jr, J. E. (2011). Global mindset: A construct clarification and framework. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 18(3), 377-384. Tsui, A. S. (2004). Contributing to global management knowledge: A case for high quality indigenous research. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(4), 491-513. Weihrich, H., Koontz, H. (2005). Management: A global perspective. Tata McGraw-Hill. Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality

Where You Going Where Have You Been Essay Example For Students

Where You Going Where Have You Been? Essay The Devils Favorite Sin: VanityIn Where are You Going, Where Have you Been? Joyce Carol Oates uses an allegorical figure of evil to illustrate the theme of temptation. Oates alludes to hell through the character Arnold Friend, as the devil, and his victim Connie, who invites him in by committing one of the devils favorites sins: vanity.The narrator implies that Arnold Friend is Satan by giving certain clues that the reader can easily deduce. The name that Oates gives to the character is one hint to the reader: Connie looked away from Friends smile to the car, which was painted so bright it almost hurt her eyes to look at it. She looked at the name, Arnold Friend. She looked at it for a while as if the words meant something to her that she did not yet know (583). The name friend was commonly used by the Protestants to refer to evil or the devil. We will write a custom essay on Where You Going Where Have You Been? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Moreover, Arnold Friends appearance also hints that he is Satan: There were two boys in the car and now she recognizes the driver: he had shaggy, shabby black hair that looked as a crazy wig(583). The narrator emphasizes the wig to make the reader think that he is wearing it for a purpose, which is hide his devils horns. Also, the fact that Arnold Friends eyes are covered is another stragedy use by Oates to confirm the assumption of the diabolic presence: He took off the sunglasses and she saw how pale the skin around his eyes was it, like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light. His eyes were chips of broken glass that catch the light in an amiable way (584). In this quote, Oates suggests that Arnold Friend is hiding something more than an evil look; he is hiding his own satanic appearance. Besides Arnold Friend physical appearance, which makes the reader assume that his character is not a human being, Oates gives him supernatural powers that a normal person could not have. One example of this is the power that he has over Connie; he knows everything that involves her: Just for a ride, Connie sweetheart. Arnold Friend says. I never said that my name was Connie, she said. And he replies: But I know what it is. I know your name and all about you, a lots of things, Arnold Friend said (584-585). The security of Arnold Friend words gives to reader the impression that he has been watching her closely and all the time without her knowing it or noticing it. This confirms the readers hypothesis that Friends is Satan. Moreover, when Connie tries to hide from him in her house, Arnold manipulates her into leaving the house simply by telling her what to do, like a puppeteer and his puppet: You wont want your family to get hurt. Now get up all by yourself. Now turn this way. Thats right. Come over here to me. Now come out through the kitchen to me honey and lets see a smile, try it, you are brave sweet little girl(591). Oates makes the reader infer that Satans only way to make her comes out is by using his demon powers, because the devil cannot get into your house unless you have invited him in. Therefore, he uses his power to hypnotize Connies and to make her do what he wants to, which is take her to the inferno with him. The last hint that Oates gives to the reader is the behavior of Connie and her family. Connie tempts the devil by committing the sin of vanity. The narrator shows how Connies vain is one of the main factors that influences the devils appearance: She was fifteen and she had a quick nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors, or checking other peoples faces to make sure her own was all right (579). .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .postImageUrl , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:hover , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:visited , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:active { border:0!important; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:active , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation Essay This quote makes the reader visualize a girl that thinks only of her appearance. Oats begins this story with this quote to emphasize the main cause of the fatal end of Connies life. Also, the familys lack of religious: One Sunday Connie got up at

Financial Structures Domestic and Foreign

Financial Structures Domestic and Foreign Introduction While financing foreign and domestic projects, many options for financial structures may exist. A company would select a foreign investment project option based on the risks and costs that relate to the various available options. This short paper gives a synopsis of how financing a foreign project differs from financing a domestic project.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Structures: Domestic and Foreign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It presents the various short-term and long-term financing sources that are available in the international financial markets. Lastly, it gives some of the risks that come with the various financing options. How foreign project differs from domestic project Organizations that wish to invest in foreign nations design financial structures of a foreign project with the chief intention of scrutinizing the mechanisms for capitalizing domestic and foreign funds, the equ ities of one market, the debt of another, and short-term and long-term financing options of their chosen project. Project financing relies on the projected cash flows of the project, as opposed to the sponsors’ balance sheets (Hoffman, 2007, p.35). It entails financing structures that involve various equity investors (sponsors) together with a couple of bank syndicates and other lending organizations that offer loans to facilitate the operation of the project (Worenklein, 2003, p.8). The difference between domestic and foreign project financing is that financial institutions granting loans can be both domestic and international for the case of domestic financing. In the case of foreign financing, many domestic financial institutions shun from granting loans to fund foreign-based projects. Short-term and long-term financial sources There are several short-term and long-term financial sources that are available in the international financial markets to finance projects. On long -term basis, financial resources can come from capital markets, mutual funds, foreign sources, and or specific financing institutions (Giddy, 2012, p.5). Capital markets involve borrowing from banks, foreign markets, issuing of bonds, shares and debentures, and or from any international financial institutions such as the World Bank. On short-terms basis, finances can come from debt insurance, hybrid financing, and equity financing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the international financial markets, the most available means of acquiring finance is by borrowing from international financial institutions. Additionally, for the case of global companies, an organization can acquire finances through the issuance of bonds and shares in the international markets. Risks Associated with the Financing Options Although there are valid ways through which organization can obt ain finances in the international financial markets, each of the ways present some risks. Some of these risks are akin to the nature of the project finance in the international platforms. For instance, â€Å"project finance structures are exceedingly complex structures, which result in massive third-party upfront investments or deadweight costs in various legal processes, which are crucial for designing and preparing project ownership structure, loan documentation, and other contractual requirements† (Srivastava Kumar, 2010, p.9). Additionally, financial advisors who help in the process of financial structuring may charge fees ranging from 50 to 100 points (Brealey Myers, 2003, p.98). Since the organizations have to incur these costs during the process of project development, in case the projects turn out infeasible, they would not recover the costs. For this reason, some sources of project finances are unattractive. For instance, issuance of bonds and long-term loans from banks are risky in the sense that organization will have to pay any gains from loans and bonds after some specified period. Comparatively, raising finance from issuance of shares is less risky since organizations will have to pay constant dividends once the project becomes operational and or when there is an increase in the share value. Reference List Brealey, A., Myers, S. (2003). Principles of Corporate Finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Structures: Domestic and Foreign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Giddy, I. (2012). Project Financing. Web. Hoffman, S. (2007). The Law and Business of International Project Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Srivastava, V., Kumar, A. (2010).Financing Infrastructure Projects in India from Corporate Finance to Project Finance. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 5 (5), 7-20. Worenklein, J. (2003). The Global Crisis in Power and Infrastructure: Lessons Learned and New Directions. The Journal of Structured and Project Finance, 3 (2), 7-11.

Identification of Possible Pathogens in an Office Environment Research Paper

Identification of Possible Pathogens in an Office Environment - Research Paper Example Is there a relationship between working efficiency and pathogenic presence in offices? The disease-causing pathogens lead to various illnesses that may lower the efficiency of personnel in the offices. Due to the reduction in efficiency, the research herein is of a great essentiality. We obtained the isolate by taking a sample of the used Petri plate with Nutrient agar (Ravichandra 37).Thereafter, exposing it to the air in a small office for approximately 1 hour. The Petri plate helped in the collection of a variety of microorganisms. The microorganisms were from surfaces, strictly chairs, desktops and computer mice. The primary purpose of the methodology was to help in identifying a single unknown culture of bacteria to prove whether it is pathogenic or not. The organism I identified via PCR is Dermacoccus nishinomiyaeusis and is non-pathogenic generally regarded as harmless saprophytes (Rose, Joan and Erin 14). It inhabits and contaminates the skin, mucosa, and the pharynx. A Gram-positive coccus locates in tetrads, irregular clusters and cubical agglomerates of eight. It is enzymatic positive and exhibits strictly aerobic metabolic. However, they can be opportunistic disease-causing organisms to the immune-compromised beings. They associated with various infections, including bacteremia, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis, and infections related to ventricular shunts. They occur worldwide and are ubiquitous. They locate on the human skin, marine and fresh water, plants, dust, and air. Rocasermeno, Pablo. "Pressurizing with dust collectors: guidelines on how to apply a concept that is appropriate for mine and plant environments, where dust generated during crushing, screening and conveying must be controlled to protect workers, office spaces and sensitive equipment." E&MJ - Engineering & Mining Journal 2013: 92. General OneFile. Web. 11 Dec.

Numerical Problem Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Numerical Problem - Speech or Presentation Example Further, the firm has a higher debt-to-equity ratio which is also unfavorable indicating more risk because the firm depends more on external lenders. Average collection period indicates the number of days a firm requires converting its receivables into cash. The firm takes more days that the industry average implying that the premiums receivable of the firm are less liquid or are converted less quickly into cash. The firm is, therefore, less efficient in managing its premium receivables compared to the industry average. Days cash on hand shows the number of days of operating expenses that the firm could meet with its current cash available. The company is in a worse situation because it has a lower ratio than the industry average and should increase its fundraising or cut back its spending. Return on assets is a profitability ratio measuring how efficient a firm is in using its assets to generate revenue. The firm has a higher ratio than the industry average implying that it is more efficient in using its assets to generate revenue than the industry average. The firm has higher TIE ratio than the industry average. It, therefore, has higher ability to meet its interest payments on the debt. The firm has a lower fixed asset turnover ratio meaning it is not using the assets optimally. It is less efficient than the industry average in using assets to generate sales or

Written analysis of Enron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Written analysis of Enron - Essay Example lves a recent decision by Fair Work Australia (FWA) that the termination of the employment of an employee who has served for long in a firm as a result of breach of the golden safety rules was not harsh, unjust and unreasonable. Karratha Gas Plant site conducted activities in potentially hazardous conditions and had a system to mitigate these risks which require permits as part of the Golden Rules of the company. Mr. Chadwick was employed for 15 years by Woodside Energy Limited at this plant and was working as a maintenance technician. The plant operated with a work permit which formed part of the Golden Safety Rules and Chadwick had been issued with work permit for 7 days to perform hot work which required him to liaise with the control panel before commencing work at any time to ensure that work was done safely. Hours before the expiry of the permit, Mr. Chadwick and another employee arrived at the site before the opening of the permit hut and without consulting the higher management or the panel operator as was the requirement of the permit. They knew the permit hut would open in two hours’ time and thus he obtained a further permit later that day. He claimed that he knew the condition of the relevant permit and he had worked on the same LNG tank on previous occasions and therefore felt that he could meet the conditions without exposing himself or other people to danger. His employment was terminated for breaching the Golden Rule and this action was contested by Chadwick as being harsh, unjust and unreasonable in all contexts. The Deputy President McCarthy held that the Golden Rule had been obtained from standards which had been developed in the oil and gas industry back in 1988 after the Piper Alpha disaster in the North Sea that had led to the death of165 people. This disaster had involved an accumulation of management error and a failure of the permit to work that had not ensured good system of communication. In considering whether the termination was

Dairy Products: An Important Source of Calcium Essay -- Exploratory E

Dairy Products: An Important Source of Calcium Out of the sources of calcium available, dairy products most aptly provide the necessary calcium with the least amount of side effects. Using dairy products as a calcium source cuts out the need to research which type of calcium is being supplied because all dairy products contain elemental calcium (Got Calcium?). A benefit of elemental calcium is an increased ability to gauge how much calcium is being absorbed (Calcium Supplemental Guidelines). This is because the elemental calcium in dairy products is more easily absorbed (Got Calcium?) Dairy products’ calcium is also less susceptible to complications with other ingested substances such as food or medications (National Osteoporosis Foundation). Removing these possible complications also removes some of the concern of short-term health risks associated with calcium. Studies have also indicated that elemental calcium does not increase some long-term health risks as calcium citrate or calcium carbonate (which are both fo und in calcium supplement pills) might (Harvard School of Public Health). All of these benefits make dairy products a safe and reasonable choice for supplying calcium needs. There are many types of calcium available, and with all of them a certain amount should be ingested each day. Though calcium requirements vary by age and gender, the average person needs about 1000 mg of calcium a day (Nutrition). This helps to keep up with bone growth and repair, and keep up with the loss of calcium through shed materials (National Osteoporosis Foundation). Without continually resupplying the body with calcium severe health problems can ensue (National Osteoporosis Foundation). This resupplying can be done usi... ...without an abundance of time to carefully watch calcium intake and calcium safety, dairy provides the best option. It is a reliable source that can be easily attained without much variation and will dependably be ingested. Works Cited Calcium Supplement Guidelines http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/health/az1296.html Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Calcium http://ods.od.nih.gov Got Calcium? http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/yf/foods/fn587.pdf. Harvard School of Public Health http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium.html National Osteoporosis Foundation http://www.nof.org/prevention/calcium_supplements.html Perchlorate Material Safety Data Sheet http://msds.pdc.cornell.edu/msds/MSDSDOD/A264/M131746.htm#Section11 Tests on milk, lettuce find perchlorate is widespread http://www.sacbee.com/content/businass/story/1161626231p-1250598

The effect of performance management systems on employee engagement

Introduction Background Prior research has established the positive effects of employee engagement in the workplace, not only for the organisation in its entirety but also for the wellbeing and productivity of individual employees (Kahn, 1990). It is therefore of paramount importance that research correctly identifies the factors which give rise to increased employee engagement and investment in their job. Rich, Lepine and Crawford (2010) found in a study of 245 fire fighters that engagement, conceptualised as the investment of one’s complete self into a job role (the degree to which a job role is integrated into a personal construct) was a significant mediator in the relationship between value congruence, perceived organisational support, core self-evaluations and the dependent variable: job performance dimensions. Aside from the obvious benefits, including increased productivity and employee initiative, this also suggests that there are psychological perks for employees with higher rates of engagem ent. Increased self-efficacy, job satisfaction, self-esteem and morale have been found to be direct consequences of higher rates of employee engagement (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008; Harter, Schmidt and Hayes, 2002). Employee wellbeing in the workplace is known to correlate with positive business outcomes (Harter, Schmidt and Keyes, 2003). Overall, engaged employees are more likely to view their job as meaningful, their management and leadership as above average, have better perceptions of their own ability to perform their duties and are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs, leading to a greater work ethic and better performance (May, Gilson and Harter, 2004). The research question The research problem we are facing is to determine the antecedents of employee engagement in the workplace. The questions that will be used to investigate this will query the relationship between management policy and employee engagement. The objective of this study will be to determine whether performance management strategies used by companies affects in any capacity the tendency of employees to fully engage themselves in the workplace. The experimental hypothesis will be that increased use of performance management strategies in the workplace increases rates of employee engagement. Performance management is the independent variable and employee engagement will be the dependent variable. This will establish whether one significant facet of management policy affects employee engagement; an important factor in predicting effectiveness in the workplace. However there are other factors which could potentially influence the dependent variable (employee engagement) which are beyond the scope of this study. There may be many aspects of the individual and their chosen career which affect how engaged they are regardless of management policy. In addition, Saks (2006) found that multiple facets of how an organisation handles employees’ work ethic determines how engaged they are in the workplace, including how much training is provided and perceived effectiveness of procedural justice at work. Isolating performance management will be one step in building a framework to more fully predict employee engagement. If the anticipated effects are discovered, this would be valuable information for businesses wishing to enhance employee productivity and satisfaction using the medium of employee engagement. By establishing the antecedents of employee engagement it will be possible to fill in another gap in the overall model presented by research to predict positive business outcomes. It has been vehemently established that employee engagement can indirectly affect this outcome, but the influences resulting in greater engagement have received relatively little attention. Performance management in particular was chosen since it encapsulates something that is under the direct control of businesses, and will therefore potentially offer an immediate and practical means for businesses to affect employee engagement. Literature review This section will incorporate definitions of the variables involved and the theoretical context of employee engagement and its antecedents. It will also cover some of the research into other factors besides the independent variable for this study which could reasonably affect the independent variable. Employee engagement The definition of employee engagement is surprisingly ambiguous in the literature, which led Macey and Schneider (2008) to gather and categorise the various definitions found in research. They found that authors generally referred to engagement in one of three broad domains; psychological state engagement, behavioural engagement and trait engagement. The effect of management, leadership, company policy and any performance management strategies employed by the business are of course effective only at the behavioural and psychological state level; trait level engagement is innate and relatively constant in each individual, and arises from various psychometric variables. The conceptualisation we shall settle on for this study will therefore involve only the psychological state and behavioural levels, since the primary independent variables of interest involve factors the business can influence to increase employee engagement. Theoretical context for employee engagement Within a theoretical context, employee engagement fits well into the explanatory remit of self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985). This theory postulates that different forms of motivation exist; autonomous regulation refers to all volition which originates from genuine internal desires, as opposed to controlled regulation in which the source of the impetus to act is external. In terms of engagement at work, autonomous regulation is desirable, as it results in greater initiative and productivity at a task. According to Meyer and Gagne (2008), who explored the underlying psychological mechanisms of autonomous regulation in the workplace, the key lies in satisfying basic psychological needs for competency, autonomy and relatedness. Performance management systems are likely to be a part of building the work environment which successfully cultivates these feelings in employees; giving them a sense that their needs have been met. Although of course there is certainly more involved in determining the extent to which employees are personally involved in their work than need satisfaction. Intervening factors are likely to include employee personal circumstances and the current economic climate. Performance management For the purposes of this study, the definition of performance management shall be the degree to which intervention by the business occurs to ensure recognition of above average performance, and involvement with offering incentives for increased productivity and work ethic. All other variables listed above which have been identified as causal antecedents of engagement will be considered as confounding variables in this study, and will be controlled for as far as possible. According to Roberts (2001), performance management involves the setting of objectives, the use of appraisal systems, reward strategies, training and feedback. This is a definition that can be more easily operationalized as the components are clearly divided which will make development of measurement scales for each subset simpler. Therefore these are the components that shall be measured as the independent variable in this study to make up performance management. Theoretical context for performance management Performance management affects employee perceptions and attitudes, which subsequently affect performance (Hartog, Boselie and Paauwe, 2004). This fits in with the theoretical framework which places employee engagement as reflecting attitudes and the meaning ascribed to job roles. It is therefore logical to expect that higher levels of implementation of performance management strategies would be significantly related to employee engagement. Although this theoretical framework does not leave much room for the inclusion of the position individual employees ascribe to their jobs in their lives. It is relatively simplistic in terms of modelling the expected effects, and there are likely to be confounding variables. Intervening variables Research has uncovered some general factors which contribute in various magnitudes to the level of employee engagement. Job characteristics (van der Broeck, Vansteenkiste, de Witte and Lens, 2008) perceived organisational support (including leadership), procedural justice, learning and training opportunities and performance management strategies (including rewards and recognition management) are all important in predicting the level of engagement an employee is likely to exhibit (Saks, 2006). This study will address one aspect of the bigger research question then; the explanatory power of performance management over employee engagement will be established. The issue will require further research to account for other possible influences on engagement, and potential interaction effects between independent variables. The originality of this study then lies in the examination of a relatively newly recognised concept (employee engagement) and shedding light on the specific relationship it has with performance management strategies, independent of other influences. Methodology This section will describe the proposed method of examining the experimental hypothesis, including how data will be gathered, what will be measured, and how the data will be analysed. Design and procedure Since the sample is limited to one business many confounding variables such as differing job demands and organisational structure can be eliminated. The samples will be taken from historical data, from employees working within a business with relatively low levels of performance management compared to similar organisations. The business under study will have to be one which has at some point implemented a new, more involved performance management strategy; this is how the independent variable will be manipulated. Both levels of employee engagement and performance management will be measured before the implementation of the new performance management strategy to serve as the control data. After the new strategy has been imposed and levels of performance management have increased in the business, the independent and dependent variable will be measured again, and this data will serve as the experimental condition. To establish the persistence over time of any significant differences in the dependent variable found to result from the change in performance management strategy, three samples will be taken at six month intervals after the implementation of the new strategy. If there is any initial difference in employee engagement between the samples immediately before and after the new strategy comes into for ce, the subsequent samples taken after the strategy has been present for some time will tell us about the long term effects of increasing performance management, otherwise the possibility remains that any effects are merely short term and fade when employees become accustomed to the new system. This will therefore be a repeated measures design. The rates of employee engagement will be compared between temporally differing samples, which will determine if changing levels of performance management alone were sufficient to affect a change in engagement, and how any effects persist, weaken, or strengthen with time. Participants Data will be gathered from secondary sources extant in the literature. The ratings of employee engagement and performance management strategies will be gathered from employees and managers working within the same business. Model specification The model we have to test (based on prior research in the area) places employee engagement as dependent in part on performance management. An a priori power analysis will be conducted on previous studies examining employee engagement to determine the expected effect size. Operationalisation of variables Performance management will be defined as the number of rewards and punishments handed out by senior management, the amount of time employees spend in training, and how often employees are appraised. Employee engagement will be measured with subjective rating scales and peer ratings. Analysis Statistical analysis of this data would include one-way analysis of variance. First performance management would be measured in each group to ensure that in reality there was a change due to the implementation of the new strategy. Then the degree of variability in engagement can be examined between conditions. The relative impact of increasing performance management can be examined in the short and long term, which could help in our theoretical understanding of the psychological underpinnings of any effects observed; if the effects change over time, this will provide clues for future research to investigate, and give use evidence to speculate further on why the change took place. This method of statistical analysis will allow for simple comparisons between control and experimental groups, and for different levels of the experimental condition, in this case the amount of time elapsed after the implementation of the new strategy. Limitations Since the data will all be gathered from the same business, many confounding variables will remain constant between groups, however this means the findings may be less applicable to other business contexts. There is also the fact that a substantial time will have passed between conditions, meaning there may have been other changes other than the independent variable under study, which could confound the results. All other pertinent factors will be investigated and accounted for in the final report to ensure they remain as consistent as possible. It is also essential to recognise the fact that different individuals harbouring different internal traits and psychological dispositions will be motivated to engage in their workplace by different factors which are meaningful to them personally. This is especially true between individuals with radically differing job characteristics and duties since they are likely to have different expectations of their job, and view their relationship to their job role differently. However the influences on engagement cited here have been shown to be generally applicable despite differing job roles. Psychological factors of unique individuals may also play a role in shaping how well specific employees fit into their job role. May, Gilson and Harter (2004) found that perceived meaningfulness of job role, perceived safety at work (including co-worker relations and perceived job security) and availability of psychological resources relevant to job demands are all positively correlated with employee engagement. Such factors may be positively influenced directly by effective performance management but are otherwise outside the scope of this study. The fact that different employees are likely to have been used between conditions (due to the time elapsed) could also pose a problem due to their potential to have very different opinions, experiences and traits relevant to their work life which could influence employee engagement. Limitations include the fact that not all influences on the outcome variable have possibly been considered in the analysis, although there are good theoretical grounds for including the variables that are present. There is likely a myriad of intervening factors affecting how much employees engage at work, but focusing on ones that are immediately under the control of the business administrators and relatively logistically sound to implement makes the most sense as a starting point for this line of research. References Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008) Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154 Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P. and Paauwe, J. (2004) Performance management: a model and research agenda. Applied psychology, 53(4), 556-569 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Hayes, T. L. (2002) Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 87(2), 268 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Keyes, C. L. (2003) Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived, 2, 205-224 Kahn, W. A. (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724 Macey, W. H. and Schneider, B. (2008) The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 1, 3-30 May, D. R., Gilson, R. L. and Harter, L. M. (2004) The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11-37 Meyer, J. P. and Gagne, M. (2008) Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 60-62 Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. and Crawford, E. R. (2010) Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academic Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635 Roberts, I. (2001) Reward and performance management. Human resource management: A contemporary approach, 3, 506-558 Saks, A. M. (2006) Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement.Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619 Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H. and Lens, W. (2008) Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress,22(3), 277-294

Information Processing And The Human Mind - 1468 Words

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